In the present study, the effect of swim stress on morphine-induced tolerance was investigated in mice using formalin test. In this respect, intraperitoneal administration of different doses of morphine (3, 6, and 9 mg/kg) induced a dose-dependent antinociception in both acute and chronic phases of the formalin test. In addition, an exposure to swim stress 2 or 3 times for 3 consecutive days was performed in order to induce tolerance. This exercise decreased morphine-induced antinociception. Meanwhile, morphine administration (25 mg/kg) for 3 days in the presence of swim stress (for two to three times) potentiated tolerance induced by morphine in both phases of the formalin test. Administration of a higher dose of morphine (50 mg/kg) for 3 days in the presence of swim stress did not alter morphine-induced tolerance in both phases of the test. On the other hand, administration of the latter dose of morphine for 3 days in the absence of swim stress decreased morphine-induced antinociception in both phases of the formalin test. It can be concluded that there may be a cross interaction between morphineinduced antinociception and swim stress.

The world is embroiled in a pandemic of a new coronavirus at the end of 2019 and early in 2020, with such a large scale that it has severely involved the political, economic, and social systems in most countries around the world. The scale of the crisis is so widespread that many experts believe that the post-corona world will be substantially different from the pre-corona world. In the face of this massive epidemic, how people perceive risk and how to risk is communicated, plays a central role in deciding and choosing people's behavior. Fighting with this emerging phenomenon requires mobilizing all the possibilities of society and helping all people in the field of empathy and altruism. In this article, we briefly review aspects of the important concept of risk perception and communication in this pervasive crisis.

This paper aims to examine the effect of financial literacy on investors' financial risk tolerance among investors of the Tehran Stock Exchange. The research sample selected by available methods includes 384 investors of the Tehran Stock Exchange in the first half of 2020. The standard questionnaire of financial literacy and financial risk tolerance of Yaghoubnejad et al. (2011) and Carina & Lisa (2015) has been used to measure the research variables and test hypotheses. The content and face validity methods and factor analysis were used to confirm the validity of the questionnaire, and its reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Structural equation and PLS methods have been used to test the research hypotheses. The research hypotheses test results showed that earning money literacy, investment literacy, spending and borrowing literacy and financial risk literacy as components of financial literacy has a positive and significant effect on financial risk tolerance. But savings literacy does not affect financial risk tolerance.

Risk assessment is always considered one of the financial decision-making processes in any market, which is usually associated with significant challenges for investors due to the impossibility of predicting all effective factors in the market. Risk tolerance is considered as a mental and functional basis in investment, which, due to its integration with individual characteristics in similar conditions, may result in noticeable differences in returns for investors. The aim of this research is to evaluate the financial risk tolerance of investors in the capital market. The present research is qualitative and methodologically developmental, therefore text analysis processes were utilized to first identify research related to financial risk tolerance assessment and then determine its components and themes. Furthermore, a Delphi analysis was used to determine the theoretical consensus boundary so that a theoretical framework for the research could be presented thereafter. The results of the study indicated the existence of two main components of cognitive and behavioral drivers of financial risk tolerance of investors, identifying a total of 12 themes as the main components of the research through two stages of Delphi analysis.

In this paper, a novel risk-based, two-objective (technical and economical) optimal reactive power dispatch method in a wind-integrated power system is proposed which is more consistent with operational criteria.  The technical objective includes the minimization of the new voltage instability risk index. The economical objective includes cost minimization of reactive power generation and active power loss. The proposed voltage instability risk employs a hybrid possibilistic (Delphi-Fuzzy)-probabilistic approach that takes into consideration the operator’s experience, the wind speed and demand forecast uncertainties when quantifying the risk index. The decision variables are the reactive power resources of the system. To solve the problem, the modified multi-objective particle swarm optimization algorithm with sine and cosine acceleration coefficients is utilized. The method is implemented on the modified IEEE 30-bus system. The proposed method is compared with those in the previously published literature, and the results confirm that the proposed risk index is better at estimating the voltage instability risk of the system, especially in cases with severe impact and low probability. In addition, according to the simulation results compared to typical security-based planning, the proposed risk-based planning may increase the security and economy of the system due to better utilization of system resources.

In the past two decades caries risk prediction has been and important subject for investigators. Caries risk assessment is an effective method for the prediction of future caries. By CRA the high-risk groups are determined. Then the prevention programs in relation to high-risk groups, be perform. This article is the results of a research project which has been performed by the author in Tehran. 218 primary school children (7 years old) have participated in this study. They have been examined for caries risk factors in three stages: 1- By a questionnaire for personal and socio demographic information. 2- Bite wing radiography to diagnosis the incipient proximal caries. 3- Dental examination of the student. Results of the research showed 34 person (15.6%) were high-risk, 63 person were low-risk and 121 person (55.5%) were moderate risk. Some of the caries risk factor have been also evaluated.

Among the most important concerns of policy makers in monetary and financial markets and particularly in stock exchange are supervising how to make decision and what are the influencing variables on decision making by the activists of this field. The general aim of the current study is to investigate the role of demographic factors in explaining the risk tolerance of real investors and their risk-taking behavior. The main question of this research is to identify the impact of demographic factors such as: gender, age, marital status, education, job status and income on the level of risk tolerance and risk-taking of real investors. The statistical population of the present study was real people who are active on the stock exchange. The sample size was 384 individuals. In addition to expert opinions, factor analysis was used to confirm validity and reliability. Finally, in order to demonstrate the validity of the research model findings, the fitting indexes of structural equation models were used by partial least squares method. The results of current study revealed that the level of risk tolerance and risk taking for men is more than women. In addition, age, education, job status and income have significant effect on level of risk tolerance and risk taking. The results also indicated that marital status has no significant effect on risk tolerance and risk taking.

More than 22% of the world's agricultural land is saline, and this trend continues to increase with climate changes. Salinity stress causes leaf color change, osmotic stress, ionic toxicity, prevents growth, photosynthesis and plant performance. Due to their size less than micron, metal nanoparticles have a great absorption and transmission power in plants. Salinity stress is a major problem in hot and dry areas under tomato cultivation. For this purpose, investigating the mutual effects of the size and type of zinc oxide and iron oxide nanoparticles on the improvement and change of growth and increasing the resistance to salt stress in tomato plants of the early urbana variety were carried out in the form of a completely randomized and factorial design with 4 replications, at a significant level of 5%. In this research, zinc oxide nanoparticles in 25 and 50 nm sizes, iron oxide in 25 nm sizes and sodium chloride in 0 and 75 mM levels were used. Nanoparticles and salinity treatments were both applied to the plants. The results showed that salt stress led to a decrease in plant growth parameters such as shoot and root length, leaf area, RWC, ion leakage. Also, NaCl led to an increase in the accumulation of prolin and other aldehydes, sodium, iron and zinc. The application of nanoparticles had a slight effect in stress-free conditions, but in stressed conditions, these two nanoparticles alone and especially in combination neutralized the effect of salinity and reduced the damage caused by salinity stress.